Assumption one: Every first family composite particle has a more massive counterpart in each of the other families of matter. For example, there exists a third family baryonic equivalent of the first family proton (two up quarks and one down quark) which we shall call the troton (two top quarks and one bottom quark); a second family equivalent of the first family neutron (two down quarks and one up quark) which we shall call the seutron (two strange quarks and one charm quark); and so on for all postulated second and third family baryons.

Step 1: Add the rest masses of two top quarks (175.5 GeV + 175.5 GeV) and one bottom quark (4.5 GeV) and they total 355.5 GeV, the rest mass of the troton.

Step 2: Add the rest masses of two bottom quarks (4.5 GeV + 4.5 GeV) and one top quark (175.5 GeV) and they total 184.5 GeV, the rest mass of the third family equivalent of the neutron, which we shall call the beutron. Now add the rest masses of the Zº boson (90 GeV) and one W boson (81 GeV) and the total is again 355.5 GeV, the rest mass of the troton.

Assumption two: The W+ weak boson and the W- weak boson are actually one composite particle, which we shall call the W± boson, with a single mass of 81 GeV, and a potential, but unexpressed, electromagnetic charge of zero, until such time as the W± interacts with a particle of matter, whereupon the charge becomes expressed as either plus one or minus one, depending upon the opposing charge of the interacting particle of matter.

Step 3: Subtract the rest mass of a single W± boson (81 GeV) from the sum total of the rest masses of all known fundamental particles (436.5 GeV), including the W+ and the W- boson, and the total is again 355.5 GeV, the rest mass of the troton.

Assumption three: Similar to the relationship between iron 56 and the first family table of the elements, massive fundamental particle (quark/lepton/weak boson) formation apparently favors fission at or above, and fusion below, 81 GeV.

Step 4: Subtract the rest mass of the Zº boson (90 GeV) from the rest mass of the top quark (175.5 GeV) and the result is 85.5 GeV.

Step 5: Subtract the rest mass of the bottom quark (4.5 GeV) from the rest mass of the Zº boson (90 GeV) and the result is again 85.5 GeV.

Assumption four: The 90 GeV Zº boson is at the stable bottom of a mass/energy well for all massive fundamental particles, equaling the sum of the rest mass differential between the Zº boson and the bottom quark on the one hand, and the rest mass differential between the Zº boson and the top quark on the other hand.

Step 6: Add the differential obtained in step 4 (85.5 GeV) to the differential obtained in step 5 (85.5 GeV) and the total is 171 GeV, which we shall call the third family energy well.

Assumption five: The periodic table of the first family of the elements can be approximately tripled by including related elements, with similar properties, which are composed of corresponding quarks from the other two families of matter.

Missing Matter

It is proposed that the solution to the dark energy/matter problem is a Janus-like relationship between the gravitational force and a reciprocal force, which we shall call the displacement force, each of which induces the other, in the manner of electric and magnetic induction. Central to these concepts is the analogy drawn between the Archimedes Principle (AP), which deals with the situation of a body that floats in a liquid, and the Modified Archimedes Principal (MAP), a descriptive term of the host, which deals with the situation of a body that floats in the vacuum energy of space, and displaces a volume of that space, centered upon that displacing body, which contains an amount of vacuum energy that is equal to the mass of such body, and which increases in proportion to the increase in the distance from that body.

While an AP liquid is displaced equally around a displacing body, MAP vacuum energy is displaced asymmetrically, with relatively little next to the displacing body, and most within a distant toral shell (halo) which is centered upon that body. The halo is finite, because the amount of displaced vacuum energy is finite, given that it is limited to the mass equivalence of the displacing body, and because the volume displaced is also finite, given that the displacement ends when and where the displaced energy is totally enclosed.

According to MAP, every massive body or multi-body system is central to a unified mass/energy quantum mechanical system, with an energy budget that is equally divided between actual mass/electromagnetic energy wavicles, and virtual mass/vacuum energy stringicles (an analogous term which conveys the duality of vacuum energy strings and virtual particles). It is important that the bulk of the unified system’s energy equivalent mass is located at an extreme distance from the bulk of its mass equivalent energy, because only such a tremendous volume could enclose the required amount of dilute vacuum energy that is equal to the amount of the displacing mass.

The Casimir plate experiment proved that energy does exist within a vacuum. However, some conclusions drawn from this experiment were skewed, because it was calculated that the amount of vacuum energy, as measured at the surface of the earth and projected out to the distance of galactic halos, was insufficient to account for the heft of such halos. This extrapolation was based upon the erroneous assumption, in the absence of MAP, that vacuum energy is evenly distributed throughout the cosmos. However, pursuant to MAP, a pound of vacuum energy, at earth’s distance from the sun, is equal to many earth pounds, at the distance of the sun’s halo, and much more so in the halo of the Milky Way.

This explains the apparent mass shortfalls that have given rise to many cosmological puzzles. It accounts for: the apparent excess rotational speeds of peripheral galactic stars, which are gravitationally impacted by the mass equivalence of the vacuum energy in their galactic halo, and effectively translocates them to a more central position within the unified mass/energy budget of their galaxy; the apparent deficit in the observed number of globular clusters which are similarly affected by the gravitational influence of the vacuum energy within the halo of any galaxy they orbit; and the apparently small size of spiral galactic disks, which turn out to be proportionally balanced between the gravitodisplacement (a term that is analogous to electromagnetism) of the galactic bulge, in one direction, and of the plane of the disk, in the other direction. It also accounts for the variable acceleration of the universe toward the mass equivalent energy of a (proposed) series of halos that surrounds its expansion.

The displacement force, which is repulsive, acts in tandem with the gravitational force, which is attractive, and both are mutually induced (somewhat like electricity and magnetism), along opposing gradients, by a common focal mass. As each gradient gets stronger, the other gets exactly weaker, up to a midpoint where each balances the other, whereupon the relative strength of each respective gradient reverses, so that mass equivalent vacuum energy (dark matter) dominates where ordinary matter is limited, and vice versa.

It is this the push-pull effect of gravitodisplacement, which accounts for the Pioneer spacecraft trajectory, an anomaly that cannot be explained by either Newtonian or Einsteinian physics. According to MAP, what is missing from the calculations is the incremental increase in the density of mass equivalent vacuum energy that has accumulated behind the spacecraft, to date. On their journey, they should begin to coast, at the energy midpoint of the solar system, until the gravitational attraction of the mass equivalence of the looming halo overcomes that of the sun and its planets, and causes the spacecraft to accelerate.

Displacement, like gravity, follows an inverse square law, and is expressed most strongly when closest to a focal mass, so that the bulk of the vacuum energy around each such mass is displaced into a distant toral shell of vacuum energy, the primary halo, the finite mass equivalence of which then displaces the ambient energy of the surrounding vacuum into a larger and equally mass equivalent, but less dense, secondary halo, in a progressive series of less dense, but equally mass equivalent halos. Theoretically infinite, the process is limited by the dilute vibrations of the outer stringicles, in the last serial halo, as they energetically equalize, and physically merge with, the incoherent random vibrations of the disentangled stringicles in the cosmic vacuum background (the CVB, a term which is analogous to the cosmic microwave background, the CMB). It is serial halos, and their interactions with the displaced halos of other massive bodies, that creates the lumpiness of space. Yet, all collective stringicles maintain a Laplasian quantum mechanical connection to the original displacing body and to each other. It is the displacement force which weaves horizontal and vertical lines of coherent vacuum energy strings into a three dimensional grid that constitutes the fabric of space, halos, and voids, and it is the ongoing connection of a string to the specific source of its displacement (focal mass), which prevents the unraveling of that fabric, by maintaining the potential for incoherent strings to re-entangle, after the passing of any perturbing events.

 

“The Case of the Missing Siblings”

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